Changes
/* de côté */
= Batteries Lithium-ion =
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lithium-ion_battery
''Lithium nickel cobalt aluminum oxide ('''LiNiCoAlO2''' or '''NCA''') and lithium titanate ('''Li4Ti5O12''' or '''LTO''') are specialty designs aimed at particular niche roles.''
http://batteryuniversity.com/learn/article/types_of_lithium_ion
''While Li-aluminum (NCA) is the clear winner by storing more capacity than other systems, this only applies to specific energy.''
''In terms of specific power and thermal stability, Li-manganese (LMO) and Li-phosphate (LFP) are superior.''
''Li-titanate (LTO) may have low capacity but this chemistry outlives most other batteries in terms of life span and also has the best cold temperature performance.''
=== Sélection ===
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! caracteristics
! NMC
! LiFePO4
! LTO
|-
|nominal voltage [V]
|3.6, 3.7
|3.2, 3.3
|2.4
|-
|typical operating range [V/cell]
|3.0–4.2 or higher
|2.5–3.65
|1.8–2.85
|-
|Specific energy (capacity) [Wh/kg]
|150–220
|90–120
|70–80
|-
|Charge (C-rate) typical
|0.7–1 C; Charge current above 1C shortens battery life.
|1 C
|1 C; 5C maximum
|-
|charges to [V]
|4.2, some go to 4.3
|3.65
|2.85
|-
|Charge time [h], typical
|3
|3
|
|-
|Discharge (C-rate)
|1 C; 2 C possible on some cells
|1 C, 25 C on some cells; 40 A pulse (2 s)
|10 C possible, 30 C 5 s pulse
|-
|Discharge cut-off voltage [V]
|2.5
|2.5 (lower that 2 V causes damage)
|1.8
|-
|Cycle life (related to depth of discharge, temperature)
|1000–2000
|1000–2000
|3000–7000
|-
|Thermal runaway temperature [°C], typical
|210
|270
|
|-
|Thermal runaway, others
|High charge promotes thermal runaway
|Very safe battery even if fully charged
|One of safest Li-ion batteries
|-
|Applications
|E-bikes, medical devices, EVs, industrial
|Portable and stationary needing high load currents and endurance
|UPS, electric powertrain (Mitsubishi i-MiEV, Honda Fit EV), solar-powered street lighting
|-
|Comments
|Provides high capacity and high power. Serves as Hybrid Cell. Favorite chemistry for many uses; market share is increasing.
|Very flat voltage discharge curve but low capacity. One of safest Li-ions. Used for special markets. Elevated self-discharge.
|Long life, fast charge, wide temperature range but low specific energy and expensive. Among safest Li-ion batteries.
|}
=== de côté ===
LMO et NCA, mis en commentaire <!--
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! caracteristics
! LMO
! NCA
|-
|nominal voltage [V]
|3.7 (3.8)
|3.6
|-
|typical operating range [V/cell]
|3.0–4.2
|3.0–4.2
|-
|Specific energy (capacity) [Wh/kg]
|100–150
|200-260; 300 predictable
|-
|Charge (C-rate) typical
|0.7–1 C, 3 C maximum
|0.7 C
|-
|charges to [V]
|4.2 (most cells)
|4.2 (most cells)
|-
|Charge time [h], typical
|
|3; fast charge possible with some cells
|-
|Discharge (C-rate)
|1 C; 10 C possible with some cells, 30 C pulse (5 s)
|1 C typical; high discharge rate shortens battery life
|-
|Discharge cut-off voltage [V]
|2.5
|3.0
|-
|Cycle life (related to depth of discharge, temperature)
|300–700
|500
|-
|Thermal runaway temperature [°C], typical
|250
|150
|-
|Thermal runaway, others
|High charge promotes thermal runaway
|High charge promotes thermal runaway
|-
|Applications
|Power tools, medical devices, electric powertrains
|Medical devices, industrial, electric powertrain (Tesla)
|-
|Comments
|High power but less capacity; safer than Li-cobalt; commonly mixed with NMC to improve performance.
|Shares similarities with Li-cobalt. Serves as Energy Cell.
|}
-->
== [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lithium-ion_battery#Shapes Formes] ==
http://batteryuniversity.com/learn/article/types_of_lithium_ion
''high thermal stability Four cells in series produce 12.8 V, a similar voltage to six 2 V lead acid cells in series. Vehicles charge lead acid to 14.4 V (2.4 V/cell) and enhanced safetymaintain a topping charge. With four LiFePO4 cells in series, each cell tops at 3.6 V, which is the correct full-charge voltage. At this point, the charge should be disconnected but the cycle and calendar life are limitedtopping charge continues while driving. LiFePO4 is tolerant to some overcharge; however, keeping the voltage at 14.4 V for a prolonged time, as most vehicles do on a long drive, could stress LiFePO4. Cold temperature operation starting could also be an issue with LiFePO4 as a starter battery.''
''Low internal cell resistance enables fast charging LiFePO4 has excellent safety and high-current discharging. In an 18650 package, Li-manganese can be discharged at currents of 20–30A with long life span but moderate heat buildup. It is also possible to apply one-second load pulses of up to 50A. A continuous high load at this current would cause heat buildup specific energy and the cell temperature cannot exceed 80°C. Lielevated self-manganese is used for power tools, medical instruments, as well as hybrid and electric vehiclesdischarge.''
== NCA de côté ==LMO et LTO NCA, mis en commentaire <!--=== NCA ===
http://batteryuniversity.com/learn/article/types_of_lithium_ion
''High energy and power densities, as well as good life span, make NCA a candidate for EV powertrains. High cost and marginal safety are negatives.'' === [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lithium%E2%80%93sulfur_battery Sulphure de lithiumLithium_ion_manganese_oxide_battery LMnO / LMO] ===
http://batteryuniversity.com/learn/article/types_of_lithium_ion
''high thermal stability and enhanced safety, but the cycle and calendar life are limited.''
''Low internal cell resistance enables fast charging and high-current discharging. In an 18650 package, LMO can be discharged at currents of 20–30 A with moderate heat buildup. It is also possible to apply one-second load pulses of up to 50 A. A continuous high load at this current would cause heat buildup and the cell temperature cannot exceed 80°C. LMO is used for power tools, medical instruments, as well as hybrid and electric vehicles.''
''Design flexibility allows engineers to maximize the battery for either optimal longevity (life span), maximum load current (specific power) or high capacity (specific energy). For example, the long-life version in the 18650 cell has a moderate capacity of only 1100 mAh; the high-capacity version is 1500 mAh.''
''Most LMO batteries blend with NMC to improve the specific energy and prolong the life span. This combination brings out the best in each system, and the LMO-NMC is chosen for most electric vehicles, such as the Nissan Leaf, Chevy Volt and BMW i3. The LMO part of the battery, which can be about 30 percent, provides high current boost on acceleration; the NMC part gives the long driving range.''
-->
= Modèles de location =
= Ressources =
http://batteryuniversity.com/learn/
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rechargeable_battery
