Changes
/* de côté */
= Batteries Lithium-ion =
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lithium-ion_battery
http://batteryuniversity.com/learn/article/types_of_lithium_ion
''While Li-aluminum (NCA) is the clear winner by storing more capacity than other systems, this only applies to specific energy.''
''In terms of specific power and thermal stability, Li-manganese (LMO) and Li-phosphate (LFP) are superior.''
''Li-titanate (LTO) may have low capacity but this chemistry outlives most other batteries in terms of life span and also has the best cold temperature performance.''
=== Sélection ===
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! caracteristics
! LMnO / LMO! LiNiMnCoO2 / NMC
! LiFePO4
! LTO
|-
|nominal voltage [V]
|3.6, 3.7
|3.2, 3.3
|2.4
|-
|typical operating range [V/cell]
|3.0–4.2 or higher
|2.5–3.65
|1.8–2.85
|-
|Specific energy (capacity) [Wh/kg]
|150–220
|90–120
|70–80
|-
|Charge (C-rate) typical
|0.7–1 C; Charge current above 1C shortens battery life.
|1 C
|1 C; 5C maximum
|-
|charges to [V]
|4.2, some go to 4.3
|3.65
|2.85
|-
|Charge time [h], typical
|3
|3
|
|-
|Discharge (C-rate)
|1 C; 2 C possible on some cells
|1 C, 25 C on some cells; 40 A pulse (2 s)
|10 C possible, 30 C 5 s pulse
|-
|Discharge cut-off voltage [V]
|2.5
|2.5 (lower that 2 V causes damage)
|1.8
|-
|Cycle life (related to depth of discharge, temperature)
|1000–2000
|1000–2000
|3000–7000
|-
|Thermal runaway temperature [°C], typical
|210
|270
|
|-
|Thermal runaway, others
|High charge promotes thermal runaway
|Very safe battery even if fully charged
|One of safest Li-ion batteries
|-
|Applications
|E-bikes, medical devices, EVs, industrial
|Portable and stationary needing high load currents and endurance
|UPS, electric powertrain (Mitsubishi i-MiEV, Honda Fit EV), solar-powered street lighting
|-
|Comments
|Provides high capacity and high power. Serves as Hybrid Cell. Favorite chemistry for many uses; market share is increasing.
|Very flat voltage discharge curve but low capacity. One of safest Li-ions. Used for special markets. Elevated self-discharge.
|Long life, fast charge, wide temperature range but low specific energy and expensive. Among safest Li-ion batteries.
|}
== [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lithium-ion_battery#Shapes Formes] ==
''LiFePO4 has excellent safety and long life span but moderate specific energy and elevated self-discharge.''
== [https:LiNiMnCoO2 //en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lithium_ion_manganese_oxide_battery LMnO / LMO] NMC ==
http://batteryuniversity.com/learn/article/types_of_lithium_ion
''high thermal stability and enhanced safetySimilar to LMO, but these systems can be tailored to serve as Energy Cells or Power Cells. For example, NMC in an 18650 cell for moderate load condition has a capacity of about 2800 mAh and can deliver 4 A to 5 A; NMC in the cycle same cell optimized for specific power has a capacity of only about 2000 mWh but delivers a continuous discharge current of 20 A. A silicon-based anode will go to 4000 mAh and calendar higher but at reduced loading capability and shorter cycle life are limited. Silicon added to graphite has the drawback that the anode grows and shrinks with charge and discharge, making the cell mechanically unstable.''
''Low internal cell resistance enables fast charging and highNMC is the battery of choice for power tools, e-current dischargingbikes and other electric powertrains. In an 18650 package, LMO can be discharged at currents of 20–30 A with moderate heat buildup. It The cathode combination is also possible to apply typically one-second load pulses of up to 50 A. A continuous high load at this current would cause heat buildup third nickel, one-third manganese and one-third cobalt, also known as 1-1-1. This offers a unique blend that also lowers the cell temperature cannot exceed 80°Craw material cost due to reduced cobalt content. LMO Another successful combination is used for power toolsNMC with 5 parts nickel, medical instruments, as well as hybrid 3 parts cobalt and electric vehicles2 parts manganese.Further combinations using various amounts of cathode materials are possible. New electrolytes and additives enable charging to 4.4 V/cell and higher to boost capacity''
''Design flexibility allows engineers to maximize the battery for either optimal longevity (life span), maximum load current (specific power) or high capacity (NMC has good overall performance and excels on specific energy). For example, This battery is the long-life version in preferred candidate for the 18650 cell electric vehicle and has a moderate capacity of only 1100 mAh; the highlowest self-capacity version is 1500 mAhheating rate.''
''Most LMO batteries blend with There is a move towards NMC to improve the specific energy and prolong the life span. This combination brings out the best in each system, and the LMO-NMC is chosen for most electric vehicles, such blended Li-ion as the Nissan Leaf, Chevy Volt system can be built economically and BMW i3it achieves a good performance. The LMO part three active materials of the batterynickel, which manganese and cobalt can easily be about 30 percent, provides high current boost on acceleration; the blended to suit a wide range of applications for automotive and energy storage systems (EES) that need frequent cycling. The NMC part gives the long driving rangefamily is growing in its diversity.''
== LiNiMnCoO2 [https:/ NMC /en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lithium%E2%80%93titanate_battery Li4Ti5O12 / LTO]==
http://batteryuniversity.com/learn/article/types_of_lithium_ion
''Similar to LMOLTO has a nominal cell voltage of 2.4 V, these systems can be tailored to serve as Energy Cells fast charged and delivers a high discharge current of 10 C, or Power Cells10 times the rated capacity. For exampleThe cycle count is said to be higher than that of a regular Li-ion. LTO is safe, NMC in an 18650 cell for moderate load condition has excellent low-temperature discharge characteristics and obtains a capacity of about 2800 mAh 80% at –30°C. However, the battery is expensive and can deliver 4 A to 5 A; NMC in at 65 Wh/kg the same cell optimized for specific power has a capacity energy is low, rivalling that of only about 2000 mWh but delivers a continuous discharge current of 20 ANiCd. A silicon-based anode will go LTO charges to 4000 mAh and higher but at reduced loading capability and shorter cycle life2. Silicon added to graphite has the drawback that the anode grows and shrinks with charge and discharge8 V/cell, making and the end of discharge is 1.8 V/cell mechanically unstable.''
''NMC is the battery of choice for power tools, e-bikes and other Typical uses are electric powertrains. The cathode combination is typically one-third nickel, one-third manganese UPS and onesolar-third cobalt, also known as 1-1-1powered street lighting. This offers a unique blend that also lowers the raw material cost due to reduced cobalt content. Another successful combination is NMC with 5 parts nickel, 3 parts cobalt and 2 parts manganese. Further combinations using various amounts of cathode materials are possible. New electrolytes and additives enable charging to 4.4 V/cell and higher to boost capacity''
''NMC has good overall performance and LTO excels on specific energy. This battery is the preferred candidate for the electric vehicle and has the lowest selfin safety, low-heating rate.'' ''There is a move towards NMC-blended Li-ion as the system can be built economically temperature performance and it achieves a good performancelife span. The three active materials of nickel, manganese and cobalt can easily be blended Efforts are being made to suit a wide range of applications for automotive improve the specific energy and energy storage systems (EES) that need frequent cycling. The NMC family is growing in its diversitylower cost.''
== de côté ==LMO et NCA , mis en commentaire <!--=== NCA ===
http://batteryuniversity.com/learn/article/types_of_lithium_ion
''High energy and power densities, as well as good life span, make NCA a candidate for EV powertrains. High cost and marginal safety are negatives.''
=== [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lithium%E2%80%93titanate_battery Li4Ti5O12 Lithium_ion_manganese_oxide_battery LMnO / LTOLMO]===
http://batteryuniversity.com/learn/article/types_of_lithium_ion
''Li-titanate has a nominal cell voltage of 2.4 V, can be fast charged high thermal stability and delivers a high discharge current of 10 Cenhanced safety, or 10 times but the rated capacity. The cycle count is said to be higher than that of a regular Li-ion. Li-titanate is safe, has excellent low-temperature discharge characteristics and obtains a capacity of 80% at –30°C. However, the battery is expensive and at 65 Wh/kg the specific energy is low, rivalling that of NiCd. Li-titanate charges to 2.8 V/cell, and the end of discharge is 1.8 V/cellcalendar life are limited.''
''Typical uses are electric powertrains, UPS Low internal cell resistance enables fast charging and solarhigh-powered street lightingcurrent discharging. In an 18650 package, LMO can be discharged at currents of 20–30 A with moderate heat buildup. It is also possible to apply one-second load pulses of up to 50 A. A continuous high load at this current would cause heat buildup and the cell temperature cannot exceed 80°C. LMO is used for power tools, medical instruments, as well as hybrid and electric vehicles.''
''Li-titanate excels in safetyDesign flexibility allows engineers to maximize the battery for either optimal longevity (life span), lowmaximum load current (specific power) or high capacity (specific energy). For example, the long-temperature performance and life spanversion in the 18650 cell has a moderate capacity of only 1100 mAh; the high-capacity version is 1500 mAh. Efforts are being made '' ''Most LMO batteries blend with NMC to improve the specific energy and lower costprolong the life span. This combination brings out the best in each system, and the LMO-NMC is chosen for most electric vehicles, such as the Nissan Leaf, Chevy Volt and BMW i3. The LMO part of the battery, which can be about 30 percent, provides high current boost on acceleration; the NMC part gives the long driving range.''-->
= Modèles de location =
