= Batteries Lithium-ion =
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Comparison_of_battery_types
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lithium-ion_battery
''Lithium nickel cobalt aluminum oxide ('''LiNiCoAlO2''' or '''NCA''') and lithium titanate ('''Li4Ti5O12''' or '''LTO''') are specialty designs aimed at particular niche roles.''
''The new '''lithium sulphur''' batteries promise the highest performance to weight ratio.''
http://batteryuniversity.com/learn/article/types_of_lithium_ion
''While Li-aluminum (NCA) is the clear winner by storing more capacity than other systems, this only applies to specific energy.''
''In terms of specific power and thermal stability, Li-manganese (LMO) and Li-phosphate (LFP) are superior.''
''Li-titanate (LTO) may have low capacity but this chemistry outlives most other batteries in terms of life span and also has the best cold temperature performance.''
=== Sélection ===
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! caracteristics
! NMC
! LiFePO4
! LTO
|-
|nominal voltage [V]
|3.6, 3.7
|3.2, 3.3
|2.4
|-
|typical operating range [V/cell]
|3.0–4.2 or higher
|2.5–3.65
|1.8–2.85
|-
|Specific energy (capacity) [Wh/kg]
|150–220
|90–120
|70–80
|-
|Charge (C-rate) typical
|0.7–1 C; Charge current above 1C shortens battery life.
|1 C
|1 C; 5C maximum
|-
|charges to [V]
|4.2, some go to 4.3
|3.65
|2.85
|-
|Charge time [h], typical
|3
|3
|
|-
|Discharge (C-rate)
|1 C; 2 C possible on some cells
|1 C, 25 C on some cells; 40 A pulse (2 s)
|10 C possible, 30 C 5 s pulse
|-
|Discharge cut-off voltage [V]
|2.5
|2.5 (lower that 2 V causes damage)
|1.8
|-
|Cycle life (related to depth of discharge, temperature)
|1000–2000
|1000–2000
|3000–7000
|-
|Thermal runaway temperature [°C], typical
|210
|270
|
|-
|Thermal runaway, others
|High charge promotes thermal runaway
|Very safe battery even if fully charged
|One of safest Li-ion batteries
|-
|Applications
|E-bikes, medical devices, EVs, industrial
|Portable and stationary needing high load currents and endurance
|UPS, electric powertrain (Mitsubishi i-MiEV, Honda Fit EV), solar-powered street lighting
|-
|Comments
|Provides high capacity and high power. Serves as Hybrid Cell. Favorite chemistry for many uses; market share is increasing.
|Very flat voltage discharge curve but low capacity. One of safest Li-ions. Used for special markets. Elevated self-discharge.
|Long life, fast charge, wide temperature range but low specific energy and expensive. Among safest Li-ion batteries.
|}
=== de côté ===
LMO et NCA, mis en commentaire <!--
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! caracteristics
! LMO
! NCA
|-
|nominal voltage [V]
|3.7 (3.8)
|3.6
|-
|typical operating range [V/cell]
|3.0–4.2
|3.0–4.2
|-
|Specific energy (capacity) [Wh/kg]
|100–150
|200-260; 300 predictable
|-
|Charge (C-rate) typical
|0.7–1 C, 3 C maximum
|0.7 C
|-
|charges to [V]
|4.2 (most cells)
|4.2 (most cells)
|-
|Charge time [h], typical
|
|3; fast charge possible with some cells
|-
|Discharge (C-rate)
|1 C; 10 C possible with some cells, 30 C pulse (5 s)
|1 C typical; high discharge rate shortens battery life
|-
|Discharge cut-off voltage [V]
|2.5
|3.0
|-
|Cycle life (related to depth of discharge, temperature)
|300–700
|500
|-
|Thermal runaway temperature [°C], typical
|250
|150
|-
|Thermal runaway, others
|High charge promotes thermal runaway
|High charge promotes thermal runaway
|-
|Applications
|Power tools, medical devices, electric powertrains
|Medical devices, industrial, electric powertrain (Tesla)
|-
|Comments
|High power but less capacity; safer than Li-cobalt; commonly mixed with NMC to improve performance.
|Shares similarities with Li-cobalt. Serves as Energy Cell.
|}
-->
== [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lithium-ion_battery#Shapes Formes] ==
http://batteryuniversity.com/learn/article/types_of_lithium_ion
== [https:''high current rating and long cycle life, besides good thermal stability, enhanced safety and tolerance if abused.'' ''LiFePO4 is more tolerant to full charge conditions and is less stressed than other lithium-ion systems if kept at high voltage for a prolonged time. As a trade-off, the lower voltage of 3.2 V/cell reduces the specific energy to less than that of LMO. With most batteries, cold temperature reduces performance and elevated storage temperature shortens the service life, and LiFePO4 is no exception. LiFePO4 has a higher self-discharge than other Li-ion batteries, which can cause balancing issues with aging.'' ''Four cells in series produce 12.8 V, a similar voltage to six 2 V lead acid cells in series. Vehicles charge lead acid to 14.4 V (2.4 V/encell) and maintain a topping charge.wikipediaWith four LiFePO4 cells in series, each cell tops at 3.org6 V, which is the correct full-charge voltage. At this point, the charge should be disconnected but the topping charge continues while driving. LiFePO4 is tolerant to some overcharge; however, keeping the voltage at 14.4 V for a prolonged time, as most vehicles do on a long drive, could stress LiFePO4. Cold temperature operation starting could also be an issue with LiFePO4 as a starter battery.'' ''LiFePO4 has excellent safety and long life span but moderate specific energy and elevated self-discharge.'' == LiNiMnCoO2 /wiki/Lithium_ion_manganese_oxide_battery LMnO / LMO] NMC ==
http://batteryuniversity.com/learn/article/types_of_lithium_ion
''high thermal stability and enhanced safetySimilar to LMO, but these systems can be tailored to serve as Energy Cells or Power Cells. For example, NMC in an 18650 cell for moderate load condition has a capacity of about 2800 mAh and can deliver 4 A to 5 A; NMC in the cycle same cell optimized for specific power has a capacity of only about 2000 mWh but delivers a continuous discharge current of 20 A. A silicon-based anode will go to 4000 mAh and calendar higher but at reduced loading capability and shorter cycle life are limited. Silicon added to graphite has the drawback that the anode grows and shrinks with charge and discharge, making the cell mechanically unstable.''
''Low internal cell resistance enables fast charging and highNMC is the battery of choice for power tools, e-current dischargingbikes and other electric powertrains. In an 18650 packageThe cathode combination is typically one-third nickel, Lione-third manganese can be discharged at currents of 20–30A with moderate heat buildup. It is also possible to apply and one-second load pulses of up to 50Athird cobalt, also known as 1-1-1. A continuous high load at this current would cause heat buildup and This offers a unique blend that also lowers the cell temperature cannot exceed 80°Craw material cost due to reduced cobalt content. Li-manganese Another successful combination is used for power toolsNMC with 5 parts nickel, medical instruments, as well as hybrid 3 parts cobalt and electric vehicles2 parts manganese.Further combinations using various amounts of cathode materials are possible. New electrolytes and additives enable charging to 4.4 V/cell and higher to boost capacity''
''Design flexibility allows engineers to maximize the battery for either optimal longevity (life span), maximum load current (specific power) or high capacity (NMC has good overall performance and excels on specific energy). For example, This battery is the long-life version in preferred candidate for the 18650 cell electric vehicle and has a moderate capacity of only 1,100mAh; the highlowest self-capacity version is 1,500mAhheating rate.''
''Most There is a move towards NMC-blended Li-manganese batteries blend with lithium ion as the system can be built economically and it achieves a good performance. The three active materials of nickel , manganese and cobalt oxide (NMC) can easily be blended to improve the specific suit a wide range of applications for automotive and energy and prolong the life span. This combination brings out the best in each system, and the LMO storage systems (NMCEES) is chosen for most electric vehicles, such as the Nissan Leaf, Chevy Volt and BMW i3that need frequent cycling. The LMO part of the battery, which can be about 30 percent, provides high current boost on acceleration; the NMC part gives the long driving rangefamily is growing in its diversity.''
{| class="wikitable"|Lithium Manganese Oxide|- |Voltages|3.70V (3.80V) nominal; typical operating range 3= [https://en.0–4wikipedia.2Vorg/cellwiki/Lithium%E2%80%93titanate_battery Li4Ti5O12 / LTO]==|- |Specific energy (capacity)|100–150Whhttp:/kg/batteryuniversity.com/learn/article/types_of_lithium_ion|- |Charge (C-rate)|0''LTO has a nominal cell voltage of 2.7–1C typical4 V, 3C maximumcan be fast charged and delivers a high discharge current of 10 C, charges or 10 times the rated capacity. The cycle count is said to 4be higher than that of a regular Li-ion.20V (most cells)|LTO is safe, has excellent low- |Discharge (C-rate)|1C; 10C possible with some cellstemperature discharge characteristics and obtains a capacity of 80% at –30°C. However, 30C pulse (5s)the battery is expensive and at 65 Wh/kg the specific energy is low, 2rivalling that of NiCd.50V cut-off|- |Cycle life|300–700 (related LTO charges to depth 2.8 V/cell, and the end of discharge, temperature)|- |Thermal runaway|250°C typicalis 1.8 V/cell. High charge promotes thermal runaway''|- |Applications|Power tools, medical devices, ''Typical uses are electric powertrains|, UPS and solar- powered street lighting.''|Comments|High power but less capacity; safer than Li''LTO excels in safety, low-cobalt; commonly mixed with NMC temperature performance and life span. Efforts are being made to improve performancethe specific energy and lower cost.|}''
== NCA de côté ==LMO et LTO NCA, mis en commentaire <!--=== NCA ===
http://batteryuniversity.com/learn/article/types_of_lithium_ion
[https://en''high specific energy, reasonably good specific power and a long life span.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lithium%E2%80%93titanate_battery Li4Ti5O12 / LTO]Less flattering are safety and cost''
''High energy and power densities, as well as good life span, make NCA a candidate for EV powertrains. High cost and marginal safety are negatives.'' === [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lithium%E2%80%93sulfur_battery Sulphure de lithiumLithium_ion_manganese_oxide_battery LMnO / LMO] ===
http://batteryuniversity.com/learn/article/types_of_lithium_ion
''high thermal stability and enhanced safety, but the cycle and calendar life are limited.''
''Low internal cell resistance enables fast charging and high-current discharging. In an 18650 package, LMO can be discharged at currents of 20–30 A with moderate heat buildup. It is also possible to apply one-second load pulses of up to 50 A. A continuous high load at this current would cause heat buildup and the cell temperature cannot exceed 80°C. LMO is used for power tools, medical instruments, as well as hybrid and electric vehicles.''
''Design flexibility allows engineers to maximize the battery for either optimal longevity (life span), maximum load current (specific power) or high capacity (specific energy). For example, the long-life version in the 18650 cell has a moderate capacity of only 1100 mAh; the high-capacity version is 1500 mAh.''
''Most LMO batteries blend with NMC to improve the specific energy and prolong the life span. This combination brings out the best in each system, and the LMO-NMC is chosen for most electric vehicles, such as the Nissan Leaf, Chevy Volt and BMW i3. The LMO part of the battery, which can be about 30 percent, provides high current boost on acceleration; the NMC part gives the long driving range.''
-->
= Modèles de location =
= Ressources =
http://batteryuniversity.com/learn/
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rechargeable_battery