= Batteries Lithium-ion =
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Comparison_of_battery_types
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lithium-ion_battery
''Lithium nickel cobalt aluminum oxide ('''LiNiCoAlO2''' or '''NCA''') and lithium titanate ('''Li4Ti5O12''' or '''LTO''') are specialty designs aimed at particular niche roles.''
''The new '''lithium sulphur''' batteries promise the highest performance to weight ratio.''
http://batteryuniversity.com/learn/article/types_of_lithium_ion
''While Li-aluminum (NCA) is the clear winner by storing more capacity than other systems, this only applies to specific energy.''
''In terms of specific power and thermal stability, Li-manganese (LMO) and Li-phosphate (LFP) are superior.''
''Li-titanate (LTO) may have low capacity but this chemistry outlives most other batteries in terms of life span and also has the best cold temperature performance.''
=== Sélection ===
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! caracteristics
! LMnO / LMONMC! LiNiMnCoO2 LiFePO4! LTO|- |nominal voltage [V]|3.6, 3.7|3.2, 3.3|2.4|- |typical operating range [V/ NMCcell]|3.0–4.2 or higher|2.5–3.65|1.8–2.85|- |Specific energy (capacity) [Wh/kg]|150–220|90–120|70–80
|-
|VoltagesCharge (C-rate) typical|30.70V (3.80V) nominal7–1 C; typical operating range 3.0–4Charge current above 1C shortens battery life.2V/cell|3.60V, 3.70V nominal1 C|1 C; typical operating range 3.0–4.2V/cell, or higher5C maximum
|-
|Specific energy (capacity)charges to [V]|100–150Wh/kg4.2, some go to 4.3|150–220Wh/kg3.65|2.85
|-
|Charge (C-rate)time [h], typical|0.7–1C typical, 3C maximum, charges to 4.20V (most cells)3|3|0.7–1C, charges to 4.20V, some go to 4.30V; 3h charge typical. Charge current above 1C shortens battery life.
|-
|Discharge (C-rate)
|1C1 C; 10C 2 C possible with on some cells, 30C pulse (5s), 2.50V cut-off|1C; 2C possible 1 C, 25 C on some cells; 40 A pulse (2.50V cut-offs)|10 C possible, 30 C 5 s pulse
|-
|Cycle lifeDischarge cut-off voltage [V]|300–700 2.5|2.5 (related to depth of discharge, temperaturelower that 2 V causes damage)|1000–2000 1.8|-|Cycle life (related to depth of discharge, temperature)|1000–2000|1000–2000|3000–7000
|-
|Thermal runawaytemperature [°C], typical|250°C typical. High charge promotes thermal 210|270||- |Thermal runaway, others|210°C typical. High charge promotes thermal runaway|Very safe battery even if fully charged|One of safest Li-ion batteries
|-
|Applications
|Power tools, medical devices, electric powertrains
|E-bikes, medical devices, EVs, industrial
|Portable and stationary needing high load currents and endurance
|UPS, electric powertrain (Mitsubishi i-MiEV, Honda Fit EV), solar-powered street lighting
|-
|Comments
|High power but less capacity; safer than Li-cobalt; commonly mixed with NMC to improve performance.
|Provides high capacity and high power. Serves as Hybrid Cell. Favorite chemistry for many uses; market share is increasing.
|Very flat voltage discharge curve but low capacity. One of safest Li-ions. Used for special markets. Elevated self-discharge.
|Long life, fast charge, wide temperature range but low specific energy and expensive. Among safest Li-ion batteries.
|}
=== de côté ===
LMO et NCA, mis en commentaire <!--
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! caracteristics
! LMO
! NCA
|-
|nominal voltage [V]
|3.7 (3.8)
|3.6
|-
|typical operating range [V/cell]
|3.0–4.2
|3.0–4.2
|-
|Specific energy (capacity) [Wh/kg]
|100–150
|200-260; 300 predictable
|-
|Charge (C-rate) typical
|0.7–1 C, 3 C maximum
|0.7 C
|-
|charges to [V]
|4.2 (most cells)
|4.2 (most cells)
|-
|Charge time [h], typical
|
|3; fast charge possible with some cells
|-
|Discharge (C-rate)
|1 C; 10 C possible with some cells, 30 C pulse (5 s)
|1 C typical; high discharge rate shortens battery life
|-
|Discharge cut-off voltage [V]
|2.5
|3.0
|-
|Cycle life (related to depth of discharge, temperature)
|300–700
|500
|-
|Thermal runaway temperature [°C], typical
|250
|150
|-
|Thermal runaway, others
|High charge promotes thermal runaway
|High charge promotes thermal runaway
|-
|Applications
|Power tools, medical devices, electric powertrains
|Medical devices, industrial, electric powertrain (Tesla)
|-
|Comments
|High power but less capacity; safer than Li-cobalt; commonly mixed with NMC to improve performance.
|Shares similarities with Li-cobalt. Serves as Energy Cell.
|}
-->
== [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lithium-ion_battery#Shapes Formes] ==
http://batteryuniversity.com/learn/article/types_of_lithium_ion
== [https://en''high current rating and long cycle life, besides good thermal stability, enhanced safety and tolerance if abused.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lithium_ion_manganese_oxide_battery LMnO / LMO] ==''
http://batteryuniversity.com/learn/article/types_of_lithium_ion ''LiFePO4 is more tolerant to full charge conditions and is less stressed than other lithium-ion systems if kept at high thermal stability and enhanced safety, but the cycle and calendar life are limitedvoltage for a prolonged time.'' ''Low internal cell resistance enables fast charging and highAs a trade-current discharging. In an 18650 packageoff, Li-manganese can be discharged at currents the lower voltage of 20–30A with moderate heat buildup3. It is also possible 2 V/cell reduces the specific energy to apply one-second load pulses less than that of up to 50ALMO. A continuous high load at this current would cause heat buildup With most batteries, cold temperature reduces performance and elevated storage temperature shortens the cell temperature cannot exceed 80°Cservice life, and LiFePO4 is no exception. LiFePO4 has a higher self-discharge than other Li-manganese is used for power toolsion batteries, medical instruments, as well as hybrid and electric vehicleswhich can cause balancing issues with aging.''
''Design flexibility allows engineers Four cells in series produce 12.8 V, a similar voltage to maximize the battery for either optimal longevity six 2 V lead acid cells in series. Vehicles charge lead acid to 14.4 V (life span2.4 V/cell)and maintain a topping charge. With four LiFePO4 cells in series, maximum load current (specific power) or high capacity (specific energy)each cell tops at 3. For example6 V, which is the longcorrect full-life version in the 18650 cell has a moderate capacity of only 1charge voltage. At this point,100mAh; the high-capacity version charge should be disconnected but the topping charge continues while driving. LiFePO4 is 1tolerant to some overcharge; however,500mAhkeeping the voltage at 14.4 V for a prolonged time, as most vehicles do on a long drive, could stress LiFePO4. Cold temperature operation starting could also be an issue with LiFePO4 as a starter battery.''
''Most Li-manganese batteries blend with lithium nickel manganese cobalt oxide (NMC) to improve the specific energy LiFePO4 has excellent safety and prolong the long life span. This combination brings out the best in each system, but moderate specific energy and the LMO (NMC) is chosen for most electric vehicles, such as the Nissan Leaf, Chevy Volt and BMW i3. The LMO part of the battery, which can be about 30 percent, provides high current boost on acceleration; the NMC part gives the long driving rangeelevated self-discharge.''
== LiNiMnCoO2 / NMC ==
http://batteryuniversity.com/learn/article/types_of_lithium_ion
''Similar to Li-manganeseLMO, these systems can be tailored to serve as Energy Cells or Power Cells. For example, NMC in an 18650 cell for moderate load condition has a capacity of about 2,800mAh 2800 mAh and can deliver 4A 4 A to 5A5 A; NMC in the same cell optimized for specific power has a capacity of only about 2,000mWh 2000 mWh but delivers a continuous discharge current of 20A20 A. A silicon-based anode will go to 4,000mAh 4000 mAh and higher but at reduced loading capability and shorter cycle life. Silicon added to graphite has the drawback that the anode grows and shrinks with charge and discharge, making the cell mechanically unstable.''
''NMC is the battery of choice for power tools, e-bikes and other electric powertrains. The cathode combination is typically one-third nickel, one-third manganese and one-third cobalt, also known as 1-1-1. This offers a unique blend that also lowers the raw material cost due to reduced cobalt content. Another successful combination is NCM NMC with 5 parts nickel, 3 parts cobalt and 2 parts manganese. Further combinations using various amounts of cathode materials are possible. New electrolytes and additives enable charging to 4.4V4 V/cell and higher to boost capacity''
''NMC has good overall performance and excels on specific energy. This battery is the preferred candidate for the electric vehicle and has the lowest self-heating rate.''
''There is a move towards NMC-blended Li-ion as the system can be built economically and it achieves a good performance. The three active materials of nickel, manganese and cobalt can easily be blended to suit a wide range of applications for automotive and energy storage systems (EES) that need frequent cycling. The NMC family is growing in its diversity.''
== NCA et [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lithium%E2%80%93titanate_battery Li4Ti5O12 / LTO ]==
http://batteryuniversity.com/learn/article/types_of_lithium_ion
[https://en''LTO has a nominal cell voltage of 2.wikipedia4 V, can be fast charged and delivers a high discharge current of 10 C, or 10 times the rated capacity.org/wiki/Lithium%E2%The cycle count is said to be higher than that of a regular Li-ion. LTO is safe, has excellent low-temperature discharge characteristics and obtains a capacity of 80%93titanate_battery Li4Ti5O12 at –30°C. However, the battery is expensive and at 65 Wh/ kg the specific energy is low, rivalling that of NiCd. LTO]charges to 2.8 V/cell, and the end of discharge is 1.8 V/cell.''
== [https://en''Typical uses are electric powertrains, UPS and solar-powered street lighting.wikipedia'' ''LTO excels in safety, low-temperature performance and life span.org/wiki/Lithium%E2%80%93sulfur_battery Sulphure Efforts are being made to improve the specific energy and lower cost.'' == de lithium] côté ==LMO et NCA, mis en commentaire <!--=== NCA ===
http://batteryuniversity.com/learn/article/types_of_lithium_ion
''high specific energy, reasonably good specific power and a long life span. Less flattering are safety and cost''
''High energy and power densities, as well as good life span, make NCA a candidate for EV powertrains. High cost and marginal safety are negatives.''
=== [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lithium_ion_manganese_oxide_battery LMnO / LMO] ===
http://batteryuniversity.com/learn/article/types_of_lithium_ion
''high thermal stability and enhanced safety, but the cycle and calendar life are limited.''
''Low internal cell resistance enables fast charging and high-current discharging. In an 18650 package, LMO can be discharged at currents of 20–30 A with moderate heat buildup. It is also possible to apply one-second load pulses of up to 50 A. A continuous high load at this current would cause heat buildup and the cell temperature cannot exceed 80°C. LMO is used for power tools, medical instruments, as well as hybrid and electric vehicles.''
''Design flexibility allows engineers to maximize the battery for either optimal longevity (life span), maximum load current (specific power) or high capacity (specific energy). For example, the long-life version in the 18650 cell has a moderate capacity of only 1100 mAh; the high-capacity version is 1500 mAh.''
''Most LMO batteries blend with NMC to improve the specific energy and prolong the life span. This combination brings out the best in each system, and the LMO-NMC is chosen for most electric vehicles, such as the Nissan Leaf, Chevy Volt and BMW i3. The LMO part of the battery, which can be about 30 percent, provides high current boost on acceleration; the NMC part gives the long driving range.''
-->
= Modèles de location =
= Ressources =
http://batteryuniversity.com/learn/
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rechargeable_battery